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Tools of Thinking: Understanding the World Through Experience and Reason(24 lectures, 30 minutes/lecture)Course No. 4413Taught by James HallUniversity of RichmondPh.D., The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hillhttp://www.teach12.com/ttcx/CourseDescLong2.aspx?cid=4413&pc=Philosophy%20and%20Intellectual%20HistoryThanks to original ripper.Enjoy!What is the best way to prove a case, create a rule, solve a problem, justify an idea, invent a hypothesis, or evaluate an argument? In other words, what is the best way to think?Everyone has to think in order to function in the world, and this course will equip you with the tools to reason effectively in your pursuit of reliable beliefs and useful knowledge. Whether you are a budding philosopher searching for ultimate truths, a science student grappling with the nature of scientific proof, a new parent weighing conflicting childrearing advice, or a concerned citizen making up your mind about today’s issues, Tools of Thinking will help you cut through deception and faulty reasoning to get closer to the essence of a matter.An “Amiable, Humorous, Clear, and Interesting” TeacherYour teacher is Professor James Hall, an award-winning educator who was hailed as “amiable, humorous, clear, and interesting, and, thankfully, never pedantic” in an AudioFile magazine review of his previous course for The Teaching Company, Philosophy of Religion.In Tools of Thinking, Professor Hall turns his friendly but intellectually rigorous approach to the problem of thinking, introducing you to a range of effective techniques, including:Deduction: This form of reasoning reaches a conclusion based on a set of premises; if the premises are true, then the conclusion necessarily follows. The classic case of deduction is the Euclidean proof in geometry.Induction: Less ironclad than deduction, this approach surveys the evidence and then generalizes an explanation to account for it; the conclusion may be probable, but it is not certain. Scientists typically use inductive reasoning.Syllogism: This is a simple but powerful deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion. An example: “All Greeks are mortals. All Athenians are Greeks. Therefore, all Athenians are mortals.”Boolean Algebra: Invented by George Boole in the 19th century, this system, also known as Boolean logic, gave new flexibility to logical analysis and contributed to the development of the computer.Avoiding Fallacious Reasoning: Inferences and explanations that rely on irrelevant “evidence” fail, being guilty of the fallacy of non sequitur. An example of this is ad populum, which amounts to inferring that a point of view or opinion must be true because it is widely held.Course Lecture Titles1. What Are “Tools of Thinking”?2. Which Tools of Thinking Are Basic?3. Platonic Intuition, Memory, and Reason4. Intuition, Memory, and Reason—Problems5. Sense Experience—A More Modern Take6. Observation and Immediate Inferences7. Further Immediate Inferences8. Categorical Syllogisms9. Ancient Logic in Modern Dress10. Systematic Doubt and Rational Certainty11. The Limits of Sense Experience12. Inferences Demand Relevant Evidence13. Proper Inferences Avoid Equivocation14. Induction Is Slippery but Unavoidable15. The Scientific Revolution16. Hypotheses and Experiments—A First Look17. How Empirical Is Modern Empiricism?18. Hypotheses and Experiments — A Closer Look19. “Normal Science” at Mid-Century20. Modern Logic—Truth Tables21. Modern Logic—Sentential Arguments22. Modern Logic—Predicate Arguments23. Postmodern and New-Age Problems24. Rational Empiricism in the 21st CenturyGreat Course on Logic!