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An Investigation Into Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use by Elite U.S. Powerlifters by Daniel F. Wagman, Lewis A. Curry, and David L. Cook, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1995, 9(3), 149-154AbstractThis study surveyed U.S. Powerlifting Team members about anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use. Four hypotheses were investigated: (a) AAS have been used in the past by many powerlifters. (b) At the national/world level of competition, competitors conform to the regulations of doping controls. (c) Current technology is effective in identifying the use of AAS. (d) World level competitiveness is possible without AAS use. The survey return rate was 60%. Two-thirds of the respondents had used AAS, and 90% of the users indicated that cycling off AAS between 1 and 3 months prior to competition was the most effective method for passing doping controls. Practical considerations cite the overall ineffectiveness of current IOC doping controls, give suggestions for future research, and show how the current data can be generalized to Olympic sports with characteristics similar to powerlifting.IntroductionMethodology  Subjects  Instrumentation  Survey Distribution  Data AnalysisResults  Part 1: National Study  Part 2: Powerlifting-Specific InquiryDiscussionPractical ApplicationsReferencesAcknowledgments